Current practice and barriers of mesh-assisted implant-based breast reconstruction in China: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of 110 hospitals

BackgroundThe current National Practice Questionnaire of implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) (NPQi) was to assess the clinical practice of mesh-assisted IBBR in China.MethodsA questionnaire was mailed to 110 hospitals in China, which have more than 200 breast cancer operations performed in 2017. The survey mainly included questions on the type and timing of IBBR, questions about the use of TiLOOP® Bra and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and the complications of IBBR.ResultsIBBR was routinely carried out in 86.36% (95/110) hospitals. IBBR was the most frequently-used (65.7%, 4,296/6,534) BR after mastectomy with a median of 24 cases (IQR 7.5–65) in each hospital. TiLOOP® Bra and ADM were available in 49.5% and 33.7% hospitals, respectively. Hospitals with ADM offered were more likely to located in economically developed regions (65.6%), when compared with hospitals without any mesh offered (14/35, 40.0%, P = 0.036) and with only TiLOOP® Bra offered (16/28, 57.1%, P = 0.032). The surgery volume was largely variated from hospitals without any mesh offered (median 380 cases, IQR 304–550), with only TiLOOP® Bra offered (median 790 cases, IQR 439–1096, P = 0.001) and with ADM offered (median 797 cases, IQR 497–1528, P < 0.001). Higher proportion of one-stage mesh-augmented direct-to-implant BR and lower proportion of autologous BR were observed in hospitals with mesh offered. The reported major complications were similar between hospitals with or without mesh offered.ConclusionsThe NPQi has provided a valuable insight into the current practice of IBBR and mesh used in China. The introduction of mesh-assisted techniques has revolutionized the clinical practice.     

Tamoxifen related side effects and their impact on breast cancer incidence: A retrospective analysis of the randomised IBIS-I trial

BackgroundStudies in the adjuvant setting have shown that endocrine therapy related side effects predict breast cancer recurrence risk. Here, we assess the relationship between early reported side effects and incidence of breast cancer in women randomised to tamoxifen for cancer prevention in the International Breast Intervention Study (IBIS)–I trial.MethodsWomen randomised to tamoxifen in the IBIS-I trial and for whom side effect status was known at the 6-month follow-up visit were included in this analysis. Side effects included in this analysis were hot flushes, vaginal discharge, and vaginal dryness. The primary endpoint was all breast cancer and secondary endpoint was oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate breast cancer incidence in the tamoxifen group with and without side effects reported within 6 months of randomisation.ResultsWomen randomised to tamoxifen and reporting hot flushes at the 6-month follow-up visit had a non-statistically significant increase in breast cancer compared to those without hot flushes (HR = 1.26 (0.98–1.62), P = 0.08). A significant higher breast cancer risk was observed for postmenopausal women who reported hot flushes at the 6-month follow-up visit compared to those without hot flushes (HR = 1.59 (1.12–2.26), P = 0.01). A higher risk was observed for ER-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women (HR = 1.81 (1.19–2.74), P = 0.01). No significant associations between gynaecological side effects and breast cancer occurrence was observed.ConclusionsOverall, no association between side effects reported at 6 months and subsequent breast cancer occurrence was observed. Some side effects might be useful markers for breast cancer occurrence in postmenopausal women.     

Nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with triple-negative apocrine breast cancer: Surveillance,epidemiology, and end results-based analysis

PurposeTriple-negative apocrine carcinoma (TNAC) is a sort of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that is rare and prognosis of these patients is unclear. The present study constructed an effective nomogram to assist in predicting TNAC patients overall survival (OS).MethodsA total of 373 TNAC patients from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) got extracted from 2010 to 2016 and were divided into training (n = 261) and external validation (n = 112) groups (split ratio, 7:3) randomly. A Cox regression model was utilized to creating a nomogram according to the risk factors affecting prognosis. The predictive capability of the nomogram was estimated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsMultivariate Cox regression analysis revealed age, surgery, chemotherapy, stage, and first malignant primary as independent predictors of OS. A prediction model was constructed and virtualized using the nomogram. The time-dependent area under the curve (AUC) showed satisfactory discrimination of the nomogram. Good consistency was shown on the calibration curves in OS between actual observations and the nomogram prediction. What's more, DCA showed that the nomogram had incredible clinical utility. Through separating the patients into groups of low and high risk group that connects with the risk system that shows a huge difference between the low-risk and high risk OS (P < 0.001).ConclusionTo predict the OS in TNAC patients, the nomogram utilizing the risk stratification system that is corresponding. These tools may help to evaluate patient prognosis and guide treatment decisions.     

luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性现状及影响因素分析

目的了解luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性情况，分析影响其依从性的相关因素。 方法根据纳入及排除标准，收集2015年1月至2017年12月重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌乳腺外科使用戈舍瑞林治疗的luminal型乳腺癌女性患者174例进行回顾性分析。中位随访时间16个月(范围：1～54个月)，完成随访154例，失访20例，失访率为11.5%(20/174)。采用问卷调查评价其用药依从性，使用χ²检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同特征患者依从性的差异；用Logistic回归分析影响患者依从性的相关因素。将患者分为≤40岁(103例)和>40岁(51例)2个亚组，进行亚组分析。 结果在完成随访的154例患者中，依从性好82例(53.2%，82/154)，依从性差72例(46.8%，72/154)。≤40岁组患者中，55.3%(57/103)依从性好，而>40岁组患者中仅49.0%(25/51)依从性好。全部患者中，文化程度、医保类型、不良反应和是否了解疗程时间均与乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性有关(χ²＝13.586、13.042、7.880、14.251，P均<0.050)；Logistic回归分析结果显示：高中及以下学历、居民医保和不了解戈舍瑞林的疗程时间为影响依从性的危险因素(OR＝2.772，95%CI：1.243～6.183，P＝0.013；OR＝5.188，95%CI：1.383～19.465，P＝0.015; OR＝3.363，95%CI：1.645～6.878，P＝0.001)。亚组分析显示：文化程度、职业、医保类型和是否了解疗程时间是≤40岁患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性的影响因素(χ²＝15.992、5.978、7.701、10.376，P均<0.050)；不良反应及医保类型是>40岁患者用药依从性的影响因素(χ²＝4.763、7.471，P均<0.050)。Logistic回归分析表明：高中及以下文化程度和不了解疗程时间是≤40岁患者用药依从性的危险因素(OR＝5.126，95%CI：2.086～12.598，P<0.001; OR＝3.631, 95%CI：1.500～8.792，P＝0.004)；居民医保是>40岁患者用药依从性的危险因素(OR＝64.315，95%CI：2.513～1 646.042，P＝0.012)，不良反应是>40岁患者用药依从性的保护因素OR＝0.189，95%CI＝0.047～0.759，P＝0.019)。 结论luminal型乳腺癌患者戈舍瑞林用药依从性较差，文化程度、医保类型及是否了解疗程时间都可能影响患者的依从性。≤40岁组和>40岁组患者依从性有差异，且影响因素不同，建议对不同年龄患者用药采用不同的干预措施。     

Fertility preservation in patients of childbearing age treated for breast cancer: A nationwide cohort study

BackgroundApproximately 7% of breast cancers are diagnosed in women under 40. Question of subsequent fertility has become fundamental. We aimed to evaluate the rate of fertility preservation (FP) by oocyte retrieval (OR) after ovarian stimulation in patients of childbearing age, managed for breast cancer with adjuvant chemotherapy in France, reuse rate of frozen gametes and live births rate (LBR) after treatment.MethodsWe included 15,774 women between 18 and 40 years old, managed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, between January 2011 and December 2020 from a French health registry. Patients with OR after breast surgery and before chemotherapy were considered as FP group; those with no OR as no FP group. To compare LBR with French population independently of age, we calculated Standardized Incidence Rates (SIR) of live births using indirect standardization method.ResultsFP rate increased gradually since 2011, reaching 17% in 2019. A decrease in use was observed in 2020 (13,9%). Among patients with at least 2 years of follow-up, gamete reuse rate was 5,6%. Births after cancer were mostly from spontaneous pregnancies. Among patients with at least 3 years of follow-up, LBR was 19,6% in FP group, 3,9% in second group. SIR of live births was of 1,05 (95% CI = 0.91–1.19) and 0.33 (95% CI = 0.30–0.36) in FP and no FP group respectively.ConclusionOncofertility activity increased until 2019 in France, reaching 17%. Gamete reuse rate was low. Births resulted mainly from spontaneous pregnancies. SIR of live births was lower in no FP group.     

癌相关成纤维细胞在乳腺癌侵袭转移及耐药中的作用研究进展

癌相关成纤维细胞(CAF)是肿瘤微环境中主要的基质细胞。CAF可在血小板源性生生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、白介素6及肝细胞生长因子等多种分泌因子作用下由正常成纤维细胞转化形成,也可由间充质干细胞、脂肪细胞等多种细胞可通过上皮间质转化(EMT)过程形成,还有部分由癌症干细胞转化而来。近来有研究显示,乳腺癌中的CAF可通过分泌多种细胞因子及外泌体、参与EMT及细胞外基质重塑,进而促进乳腺癌细胞侵袭转移,也可在肿瘤缺氧微环境下通过激活相关信号通路促进乳腺癌细胞生长和侵袭。此外,CAF通过增加了乳腺癌细胞的凋亡阈值、作为抗肿瘤药物的物理屏障、分泌的谷氨酰胺增加乳腺癌细胞的存活率、激活生长因子相关的信号通路或增加线粒体功能产生抗凋亡作用等多种途径介导乳腺癌化疗耐药、内分泌治疗耐药及多药耐药。笔者总结CAF的重要来源及其在乳腺癌侵袭转移与治疗耐药中的研究进展。     

Expression of tumor-associated antigens in breast cancer subtypes

ObjectivesTumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are frequently overexpressed in several cancer types. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TAAs in breast cancer.Material and methodsA total of 250 selected invasive breast cancers including 50 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (Luminal B like), 50 triple-negative (TN), 50 ER-positive lobular type, 50 ER- and progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive (Luminal A like) and 50 cerbB2-positive breast cancers, were assessed for New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1), Wilms tumor antigen (WT-1) and PReferentially expressed Antigen of MElanoma (PRAME) antigen expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC).ResultsA significantly higher expression of cancer testis (CT)-antigens NY-ESO-1 and WT-1 antigen was detected in TN breast cancers compared with ER-positive tumors. NY-ESO-1 overexpression (score 2 + and 3+) assessed by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was detected in 9 (18%) TN cancers as compared to 2 (4%) ER-positive tumors (p = 0.002). WT1 over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was confirmed in 27 (54%) TN tumor samples as compared to 6 (12%) ER-positive (p < 0.0001). PRAME over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was detected in 8 (16%) HER2 positive tumor samples as compared to no TN and ER-positive cancers (p = 0.0021).ConclusionsNY-ESO-1 and WT1 antigens are overexpressed in TN breast cancers. Because of the limited therapeutic options for this patient subgroup, CT antigen-based vaccines might prove to be useful for patients with this phenotype of breast cancer.     

补肾活血法改善乳腺癌认知功能下降的临床观察

目的：探讨补肾活血方药治疗化疗后认知功能下降乳腺癌患者的临床疗效。方法：选取2015年11月至2017年11月首都医科大学附属北京中医医院收治的化疗后不同程度认知障碍的乳腺癌患者72例作为研究对象，按照随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组，每组36例。对照组给予对应的安慰剂，观察组给予补肾活血为主的方药，均为2次/d，共治疗6周。分别在治疗前后观察2组患者的认知功能（蒙特利尔量表、FACT量表）、生命质量、中医症候评分等。结果：在认知功能评价中，药物观察组患者蒙特利尔量表评分治疗后较治疗前显著提高（P<0.05），与对照组比较也有明显提高（P<0.05）。中药观察组患者的FACT-cog量表积分治疗后较治疗前有显著提高（P<0.05），且与对照组比较有显著提高（P<0.05）。观察组治疗后中医证候评分较治疗前及对照组治疗后均明显提高（P<0.05），观察组与对照组治疗前后的生命质量评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：补肾活血中药一定程度上可以有效改善乳腺癌患者化疗后导致的认知功能下降，但对生命质量的改善并不明显。